Overview of Steven Pinkers Theories

Overview of Steven Pinkers TheoriesIntroduction and brief biographySteven Pinker is a well-knget psychologist who writes, researches and lectures on phraseology and cognition. As well as being an experienced and widely published researcher in the academic field he is also well kn bear to non-scientists for his easily accessible popular knowledge books covering evolutionary psychology and language development. He is arguably responsible for bringing the complex field of cognitive psychology to the layperson and a diddle analysis of his prevail and ideas should provide insight into why he is so popular and successful both to academic and lay readers.Steven Pinker is Canadian Ameri buttocks, born in 1954 and educated at McGill University and the Ivy League colleges of Cambridge, Massachusetts. His official biography secernates him as an experimental psychologist, currently Harvard College Professor and Johnst matchless Family professor in the Department of Psychology (Pinker 2003) . He is a teaching as well as research scientist and writes for the academic press and popular press as well as his own books. He credits his interest in science to a teenage present of science books on the mind (Pinker 2004b).In interviews Pinker is often self deprecating, indicating that scientists dont always choose a specific field due to overwhelming interest, rather due to circumstance and being in the right place at the right time (Pinker 2004b). Despite being an immensely successful author with his most recent book being ranked at number 624 in the vanquishseller list of Amazon.com1, he does non seek to either overawe or be condescending to the regular lay reader, instead treating them, in his own words, as an old college room mate and respecting their intelligence (Pinker 2004b).Pinkers ideas and impactPinker is often known for his regards with fellow scientists much(prenominal) as Steven Rose in which the nature versus elevation concept is discussed. Pinker is describ ed as the leading spokesman for the view that we ar made by nature as well as nurture (Appleyard 2007). Pinker is a unwavering believer that our genes dictate how we act our lives through the mind being the critical determiner of who survives and passes their genes on to their offspring whereas Rose believes that all living systems argon radically indeterminate and continually construct their own futures (Brockman 1998). wizard of the reasons for the controversy of Pinkers ideas is the echoes of Nazism as, by saying that we are a product of our genes, it suggests that approximately are genetically programmed to be inferior to others.Pinker addresses the idea that humans develop purely based on their experiences in the book The Blank Slate, hence called because of the common article of belief that the mind is a blank slate and the way a person develops is purely a product of culture and socialisation (Rakoff 2002). He points out that anyone having children can see that they are born with identities and the fact that children are affected by upbringing is not proof of causation, rather being merely correlation. However he is also able to argue the other side, as it were, when he explains that, whilst genes can withstand something to do with behaviour, the study of behavioural genetics is, in his words, a riddle (Pinker 2003). In particular the influence of culture will affect many lifestyle choices, with serious effects on development. He exhorts everyone to try to reach the best point in the range of temperament and talent (Pinker 2003). He protests that the biology of consciousness offers a better explanation for how people work than the existence of an, un provable in his view, immortal soul (Pinker 2007a). He suggests that we all develop as a product of our fountainheads, and other people have similar brains so all have a similar capacity. He further develops his view by stating that the soul is in fact the information-process activity of the brain a nd that all emotion can be tied to specific neural activity (Pinker 2004a). This is a controversial view as many philosophers and sociologists would not like to believe that our freedom of thought is not in fact freedom at all, rather an automatic response from our genes.One of Pinkers key ideas is his words / rules method of accounting of language in which he suggests that there is a contrast between the regular and irregular inflection of words and this is due to there being 2 distinct computational mechanisms for the processing of these words (Berent, Pinker Shimron 2002). He set this out in his oft cited2 piece entitled Rules of Language published in 1991 in the journal Science (Pinker 1991). The language processing of the brain was described as modular and independent of real-world meaning suggesting a genetic basis to the development of language, presumably because logically language would however be processed in connection with the meaning of that language.Pinker has more recently written about human nature in a wider context than language. One such example is where he explains that romantic love has a paradoxical logic, where in fact there is not a neat matching of twosome according to the rules of shopping eg matching purely on the grounds of features and quality (Pinker 2008). He also commends other people on their influence, with one such account being his 2007 commendation of Paul Allens contribution to the scientific world (Pinker 2007b). An individual must be well respected and influential in his own right to be asked to comment upon the influence of others.However he has been subject to controversy, with people suggesting that his book The Blank Slate denies the existence of sex discrimination. However he defends his position, indicating that he has merely shown empirical evidence about the differences in talents, temperaments and life priorities between men and women (Pinker 2006). He describes how he lost sleep over the grammatical gender chapter yet also points out that in the first 2 years post publication no one had any problem with that chapter (Quixote 2006). It was only later on that Pinkers work was used out of context by Larry Summers, then president of Harvard University, who said that innate genetic differences were the reason why fewer women succeeded in math and science (Bombardieri 2005). Thus the message of the book reached a greater audience, but the audience misconstrued what had been said originally.He often has to defend his work, or clarify it to others who rede e.g. (Pinker, Ullman 2003, Pinker, Ullman 2002) and the much foresightfuler opinion article (Pinker, Ullman 2002). No doubt, though, if a researcher or author has to defend their work it means that others are noting what they say liberal to criticise, and then publishers care enough to seek the rejoinders.It is possible to obtain impact factor trend graphs for published articles. This provides an indication of the journals relative im pact, thus the consequent impact that the article within that journal may have. Analysis of the 3 most cited articles from Pinker provides the data for table 1 below. Obviously the most cited articles are older but the journals in which the articles are published have high impact.Table 1 An analysis of the journal impact and number of times cited for the 3 most popular Pinker articles3In a profile published last year the Sunday Times refer to Pinkers ideas as incendiary and describe him as a global science celebrity (Appleyard 2007). Despite the possible Nazism connotations that could be attributed to his ideas, there is also a clear logic to the brain containing the blueprint to our development. If there are genes that decide our hair colour and skin colour then why not other features? No one would revoke that genetic malfunctions such as occur in Downs Syndrome clearly show the effect that defective genes can have from birth. Why should only defective genes be influential?Pinker says that it hard to judge his own influence, but that more people of more cultures and races are now open to the idea that biology can have some answers to human life and its workings (Quixote 2006). He also suggested the topic for the annual question for The Edge Foundation for 2006 as My Dangerous Idea. His account of his 2005 includes instances such as the Summers speech mentioned above, as well as other research which endeavoured to show that race and intelligence do not exist. The lasting influence of these ideas (and his own work and reputation) is that people perceive Pinker as propounding dangerous ideas that fuel bigotry (Brockman 2006). However bigotry isnt created by the influence of one scientist. Pinkers work may be used as evidence to support existing bigotry but support is not the same as initiation.ReferencesAppleyard, B. 2007, Steven Pinker knows whats spill on inside your head, October 14th 2007, The Times, London.Berent, I., Pinker, S. Shimron, J. 2002, The nat ure of regularity and irregularity evidence from Hebrew nominal inflection, Journal of psycholinguistic research, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 459-502.Bombardieri, M. 2005, Summers remarks on women draw fire, January seventeenth 2005 edn, Boston Globe, Boston.Brockman, J. 2006, 01/01/2006-last update, Edge The World Question Centre 2006 Homepage of The Edge, Online. uncommitted http//www.edge.org/q2006/q06_3.htmlpinker accessed 30/10/2008 .Brockman, J. 1998, 25/03/1998-last update, Edge PINKER VS. ROSE-A DEBATE (PART I) Homepage of The Edge, Online. Available http//www.edge.org/3rd_culture/pinker_rose/pinker_rose_p1.html accessed 30/10/2008 .Pinker, S. 2003, , Steven Pinker About- long biography Homepage of Harvard University, Online. Available http//pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/about/longbio.html accessed 30/10/2008 .Pinker, S. 2008, Crazy love, Time, vol. 171, no. 4, pp. 82-83.Pinker, S. 2007a, The mystery of consciousness, Time, vol. 169, no. 5, pp. 58-62, 65-6, 69-70.Pinker, S. 2007b, Time 1 00 scientists thinkers. Paul Allen, Time, vol. 169, no. 20, pp. 112.Pinker, S. 2006, The gender debate science promises an honest investigation of the world, Nature, vol. 442, no. 7102, pp. 510.Pinker, S. 2004a, How to think about the mind, Newsweek, vol. 144, no. 13, pp. 78.Pinker, S. 2004b, Steven Pinker, Current biology CB, vol. 14, no. 21, pp. R909.Pinker, S. 2003, Are your genes to blame?, Time, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 98-100.Pinker, S. Bloom, P. 1990, Natural-Language and Natural-Selection, Behavioral and hotshot Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 707-726.Pinker, S. Prince, A. 1988, On Language and Connectionism Analysis of a Parallel Distributed-Processing Model of Language-Acquisition, Cognition, vol. 28, no. 1-2, pp. 73-193.Pinker, S. Ullman, M. 2002, Combination and structure, not gradedness, is the issue, Trends in cognitive sciences, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 472-474.Pinker, S. Ullman, M.T. 2003, Beyond one model per phenomenon, Trends in cognitive sciences, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 108-109.Pinker, S. Ullman, M.T. 2002, The past and future of the past tense, Trends in cognitive sciences, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 456-463.Pinker, S. 1991, Rules of Language, Science, vol. 253, no. 5019, pp. 530-535.Quixote, D. 2006, July 4th 2006-last update, 10 questions for Steven Pinker Homepage of Gene Expression, Online. Available http//www.gnxp.com/blog/2006/07/10-questions-for-steven-pinker.php accessed 30/10/2008 .Rakoff, D. 2002, Questions For Steven Pinker, 15th September 2002, The New York Times, Ney York.Tarr, M.J. Pinker, S. 1989, Mental Rotation and Orientation-Dependence in Shape-Recognition, Cognitive psychology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 233-282.11 Data obtained from www.amazon.com at 0920 on 30/10/20082 318 citations as at 30/10/2008. Data from ISI Web of fellowship3 Citation information obtain from ISI Web of Knowledge Journal Citation reports for social science journals on 30th October 2008 available at http//admin-apps.isiknowledge.com/JCR/JCR?RQ=HOME.